• Functional assessment of hearing loss emphasized social and psychological dimensions, using standardized handicap indices and mental health services to quantify daily-life impact [1], [2], [12].

• Child-centered audiology matured with infant-fitting evaluations and pediatric speech-perception measures, including infant hearing aid fittings, frequency-response optimization, and word-recognition testing [5], [17], [7].

• Diagnostic-etiological paradigms for acute and episodic hearing loss prioritized rapid management and differential diagnosis across sudden deafness, stapes lesions, fistulas, and Menière's disease [6], [16], [10], [15].

• Impedance-based diagnostics expanded middle-ear assessment, with clinical experience in impedance audiometry and reflex-measurement studies informing diagnosis and treatment in both adults and children [19], [20].

• Instrumentation and rehabilitation technology advances reflect cross-cutting growth, combining cochlear-implant outcomes with impedance-based measurement tools to shape rehabilitation and assessment [8], [19], [20].